When the ventilator is used during general anesthesia or with respiratory insufficiency, continuous ETCO2 monitoring helps vets to find out whether the animal is insufficiently or excessively ventilated and adjust the relevant parameters to maintain normal ventilation.Ĭ. Evaluating animal ventilation functionįor animals without obvious cardiopulmonary disease, ETCO2 is equal to Pa CO2 in a certain extent.

The ETCO2 waveform can help vets make the final judgment when intubating cats, rabbits, and rodents that are difficult to intubate.ī. As long as the continuous ETCO2 waveform shows, it’s confirmed that the tracheal tube is in the trachea. Confirming the correct location for tracheal intubation.ĮTCO2 is a recognized gold standard for confirming the correct location of the endotracheal tube. It is widely applied in clinical anesthesia, cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation, pre-hospital first aid, intensive care post-anesthesia.ģ. What can ETCO2 monitoring provide for the veterinarians?Ī. It has special clinical significance for judging body metabolism, pulmonary ventilation, and pulmonary blood flow changes. The ETCO2 of normal animals ≈PA CO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide in alveolus) ≈Pa CO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arteries), which is slightly lower than PaCO2.Įnd-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2)-the sixth vital signīesides body temperature, respiration, pulse, blood pressure and SpO2, ETCO2 is the sixth vital sign. ETCO2 = VCO2 × 0.863 / VA (0.863 is a constant that converts gas volume to pressure). The body’s carbon dioxide output (VCO2) and alveolar ventilation value (VA) determine the end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2). In this phase PECO2 is close to alveolar carbon dioxide tension (PACO2).ĬO2 produced by tissue and cell metabolism is transported to the lungs through capillaries and veins, and finally expelled through exhalation.

Phase IV: Reflects the alveolar expiratory flow (a small increase in ETCO2), which happens the peak at the end of tidal expiration (ETCO2). Phase III: A very rapid increase in ETCO2, which represents exhalation of mixed air. Phase II: Beginning of expiration, represents anatomical dead space of the respiratory tract and is not discernible from the inspiratory phase before it (PECO2 = 0 mmHg), Phase I: Happens suddenly with an inspiration. End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide refers to the partial pressure or concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) at the end of exhalation, which is normally 35-45 mm Hg.

Alveolar dead space and end tidal co2